Third Party & Arias Feat. Daniel Gidlund - Nation (Rise Again) Remix

US political parties not the two dominant ones

Tertiary party is a term used in the United states of america for American political parties other than the 2 ascendant parties, currently the Republican and Autonomous parties. Sometimes the phrase "minor party" is used instead of third party.

Third parties are about often encountered when they nominate presidential candidates. No 3rd-party candidate has won the presidency since the Republican Political party became a major party in the mid-19th century. Since that fourth dimension, only in five elections (1892, 1912, 1924, 1948, and 1968) has a tertiary-party candidate carried whatever states, and only in 1 of them (1912) did that candidate come up out in second identify nationally or electorally.

Current U.S. tertiary parties [edit]

This list does not include political organizations that do not run candidates for function just otherwise function similarly to tertiary parties. For not-electoral political "parties", see here.

Currently, the Libertarian and Greenish Parties are the largest in the U.South. after the Republican and Democratic Parties. Shown here are signs of their 2016 campaigns, respectively.

Largest (voter registration over 100,000) [edit]

• Libertarian Party – libertarianism, laissez-faire economics, pro-civil liberties, anti-war
• Light-green Political party – Green politics, eco-socialism, anti-capitalism, progressivism, pro-civil liberties, anti-war
• Constitution Political party – Conservatism, paleoconservatism, Christian reconstructionism, social conservatism

Smaller parties by credo [edit]

This section includes only parties that take actually run candidates nether their name in recent years.

Right-wing [edit]

This section includes whatever party that advocates positions associated with American conservatism, including both Old Right and New Right ideologies.

• Christian Liberty Party

State-simply parties

• American Independent Party (California)
• Bourgeois Party of New York State
• Constitution Political party of Oregon

Centrist [edit]

This section includes any party that is independent, populist, or any other that either rejects right-left politics or doesn't have a political party platform.

• Brotherhood Party (U.s.)
• American Solidarity Party
• Citizens Party
• Forward Political party
• Reform Political party of the The states
• Serve America Movement
• United States Pirate Party
• Unity Party of America

State-only parties

• Moderate Party of Rhode Isle
• Contained Party of Delaware
• Independent Party of Oregon
• United Utah Party

Left-fly [edit]

This section includes any party that has a left-liberal, progressive, social autonomous, democratic socialist, or Marxist platform.

• African People's Socialist Party
• Communist Political party USA
• Freedom Socialist Party
• Party for Socialism and Liberation
• Peace and Freedom Party
• Justice Party Usa
• Socialist Activity
• Socialist Equality Party
• Socialist Culling
• Socialist Party USA
• Socialist Workers Political party
• Solidarity
• Working Class Party
• Workers Globe Party
• Working Families Political party

Country-only parties

• Lease Political party (Cincinnati, Ohio only)
• Green Party of Alaska
• Green Political party of Rhode Isle
• Liberal Political party of New York
• Freedom Union Party (Vermont)
• Oregon Progressive Party
• Progressive Dane (Dane canton, Wisconsin)
• United Independent Party (Massachusetts)
• Vermont Progressive Party
• Washington Progressive Party

Indigenous nationalism [edit]

This section includes parties that primarily abet for granting special privileges or consideration to members of a certain race, ethnic group, religion etc.

• American Freedom Party
• Blackness Riders Liberation Party
• National Socialist Movement
• New Afrikan Blackness Panther Political party

Also included in this category are diverse parties found in and confined to Indian reservations, most all of which are solely devoted to the furthering of the tribes to which the reservations were assigned. An example of a particularly powerful tribal nationalist party is the Seneca Political party that operates on the Seneca Nation of New York's reservations.^[i]

Secessionist Parties [edit]

This section includes parties that primarily abet for Independence from the United States. (Specific party platforms may range from left wing to right wing).

• Alaskan Independence Party
• Aloha ʻĀina Party (Hawaii)
• California National Party

Single-issue/protest-oriented [edit]

This section includes parties that primarily advocate single-upshot politics (though they may have a more detailed platform) or may seek to concenter protest votes rather than to mount serious political campaigns or advocacy.

• Humane Party
• Legal Marijuana At present Party
• Prohibition Party
• United States Marijuana Party

State-only parties

• Approving Voting Party (Colorado)
• Natural Law Political party (Michigan)
• New York State Right to Life Party
• Rent Is Too Damn High Party (New York)

Notable elections [edit]

A number of third party, independent, and write-in candidates take performed well in many U.Due south. elections.^[ii]

Greens, Libertarians, and others have elected state legislators and local officials. The Socialist Party elected hundreds of local officials in 169 cities in 33 states by 1912, including Milwaukee, Wisconsin; New Haven, Connecticut; Reading, Pennsylvania; and Schenectady, New York.^[3] At that place have been 20th century governors elected every bit independents, and from such parties as Progressive, Reform, Farmer-Labor, Populist, and Prohibition. There were others in the 19th century. Nonetheless, the U.s.a. has had a two-party system for over a century. The winner take all arrangement for presidential elections and the unmarried-seat plurality voting system for Congressional elections take over fourth dimension created the two-political party system (run across Duverger's law).

Tertiary-political party candidates sometimes win elections. For example, such a candidate has won a U.S. Senate election twice (0.half dozen%) since 1990. Sometimes a national officeholder not affiliated with and endorsed by i of the two major parties is elected. Previously, Senator Lisa Murkowski won re-election in 2010 equally a write-in candidate and non as the Republican nominee, and Senator Joe Lieberman ran and won every bit a third-party candidate in 2006 later leaving the Democratic Party.^{[4] [5]} Currently, there are but 2 U.Southward. Senators, Angus King and Bernie Sanders, who are neither Democratic nor Republican, while sometime Representative Justin Amash has joined the Libertarian Party as of April 28, 2020.^[6] Although 3rd- party candidates rarely actually win elections, they tin can have an effect on them. If they do well, and then they are often accused of having a spoiler effect. Sometimes, they have won votes in the electoral higher, equally in the 1832 Presidential ballot. They can draw attending to issues that may be ignored by the bulk parties. If such an effect finds acceptance with the voters, ane or more of the major parties may prefer the issue into its own party platform. Also, a third party may be used by the voter to bandage a protest vote as a course of plebiscite on an important result. 3rd parties may also help voter turnout past bringing more people to the polls. 3rd-party candidates at the top of the ticket can help to draw attention to other party candidates down the ballot, helping them to win local or state office. In 2004, the U.S. electorate consisted of an estimated 43% registered Democrats and 33% registered Republicans, with independents and those belonging to other parties constituting 25%.^[7]

The only three U.S. Presidents without a major party affiliation were George Washington, John Tyler, and Andrew Johnson, and only Washington served his unabridged tenure as an independent. Neither of the other 2 were ever elected president in their own correct, both being vice presidents who ascended to office upon the decease of the president, and both became independents because they were unpopular with their parties. John Tyler was elected on the Whig ticket in 1840 with William Henry Harrison, but was expelled by his ain party. Johnson was the running mate for Abraham Lincoln, who was reelected on the National Union ticket in 1864; it was a temporary proper noun for the Republican Political party.

Beak Walker of Alaska was, from 2014 to 2018, the only independent governor in the U.s.a.. He was also the first independent governor since Alaska became a state (although non the first third-party governor). In 1998, wrestler Jesse Ventura was elected governor of Minnesota on the Reform Party ticket.^[8]

As of 2021, the only independent U.S. senators are Bernie Sanders of Vermont and Angus King of Maine; both senators conclave with the Democratic Party. No current members of the Firm of Representatives is a member of a third party. Former representative Justin Amash of Michigan, originally elected as a Republican, joined the Libertarian Party in April 2020 later on having left the Republican Political party in July 2019, and is the nearly contempo member of a third party in the House. He did not seek re-election in 2020.

Barriers to third political party success [edit]

Winner-have-all vs. proportional representation [edit]

In winner-take-all (or plurality-take-all), the candidate with the largest number of votes wins, fifty-fifty if the margin of victory is extremely narrow or the proportion of votes received is not a bulk. Dissimilar in proportional representation, runners-up practice not proceeds representation in a first-past-the-post arrangement. In the Us, systems of proportional representation are uncommon, particularly to a higher place the local level and are entirely absent at the national level (even though states similar Maine accept introduced systems like ranked choice voting, which ensures that the voice of third party voters is heard in case none of the candidates receives a majority of preferences).^[9] In Presidential elections, the majority requirement of the Electoral College, and the Constitutional provision for the Firm of Representatives to decide the ballot if no candidate receives a majority, serves as a farther disincentive to third party candidacies.

In the United States, if an involvement group is at odds with its traditional political party, it has the selection of running sympathetic candidates in primaries. If the candidate fails in the primary and believes he or she has a gamble to win in the full general ballot he or she may form or join a third party. Because of the difficulties tertiary parties face in gaining any representation, third parties tend to be to promote a specific upshot or personality. Often, the intent is to forcefulness national public attention on such an issue. Then, one or both of the major parties may rising to commit for or confronting the affair at manus, or at least weigh in. H. Ross Perot somewhen founded a third party, the Reform Political party, to support his 1996 campaign. In 1912, Theodore Roosevelt made a spirited run for the presidency on the Progressive Party ticket, but he never made any efforts to help Progressive congressional candidates in 1914, and in the 1916 election, he supported the Republicans.

Ballot access laws [edit]

Nationally, ballot access laws are the major challenge to 3rd political party candidacies. While the Democratic and Republican parties usually easily obtain ballot admission in all fifty states in every election, third parties often neglect to meet criteria for ballot access, such as registration fees. Or, in many states, they practise not meet petition requirements in which a certain number of voters must sign a petition for a 3rd party or independent candidate to proceeds ballot access.^[10] In contempo presidential elections, Ross Perot appeared on all 50 state ballots equally an contained in 1992 and the candidate of the Reform Party in 1996. (Perot, a billionaire, was able to provide pregnant funds for his campaigns.) Patrick Buchanan appeared on all 50 state ballots in the 2000 election,^[11] largely on the ground of Perot's performance every bit the Reform Political party'south candidate four years prior. The Libertarian Party has appeared on the ballot in at least 46 states in every election since 1980, except for 1984 when David Bergland gained access in but 36 states. In 1980, 1992, 1996, 2016, and 2020 the party made the ballot in all 50 states and D.C. The Green Party gained access to 44 state ballots in 2000 merely only 27 in 2004. The Constitution Party appeared on 42 state ballots in 2004.^[12] Ralph Nader, running as an independent in 2004, appeared on 34 state ballots. In 2008, Nader appeared on 45 state ballots and the D.C. ballot. For more data see election access laws.

Debate rules [edit]

Presidential debates between the nominees of the two major parties first occurred in 1960, so after three cycles without debates, took place over again in 1976 and accept happened in every election since. Tertiary party or independent candidates have been included in these debates in merely two cycles. Ronald Reagan and John Anderson debated in 1980, but incumbent President Carter refused to appear with Anderson, and Anderson was excluded from the subsequent argue between Reagan and Carter.

Debates in other land and federal elections frequently exclude independent and third-political party candidates, and the Supreme Courtroom has upheld such tactics in several cases. The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) is a individual company. ^[13] Independent Ross Perot was included in all three of the debates with Republican George H. W. Bush-league and Democrat Bill Clinton in 1992, largely at the behest of the Bush campaign.^{[ commendation needed ]} His participation helped Perot climb from 7% earlier the debates to 19% on Ballot Day.^[fourteen]

Perot was excluded from the 1996 debates despite his strong showing four years prior.^[xv] In 2000, revised debate access rules fabricated it even harder for 3rd-party candidates to proceeds access by stipulating that, likewise being on plenty state ballots to win an Balloter Higher majority, debate participants must clear xv% in pre-debate opinion polls. This rule remained in place for 2004,^{[16] [17]} when every bit many as 62 1000000 people watched the debates,^[18] and has continued being in effect as of 2008.^{[19] [xx]} The fifteen% criterion, had information technology been in identify, would take prevented Anderson and Perot from participating in the debates they appeared in.

Major party marginalization [edit]

A third-political party candidate will sometimes strike a chord with a section of voters in a detail election, bringing an effect to national prominence and amount a significant proportion of the popular vote. Major parties oft reply to this by adopting this issue in a subsequent election. Later 1968, under President Nixon the Republican Political party adopted a "Southern Strategy" to win the support of conservative Democrats opposed to the Civil Rights Motility and resulting legislation and to combat 3rd parties with southern agendas. This can exist seen as a response to the popularity of segregationist candidate George Wallace who gained thirteen.v% of the popular vote in the 1968 election for the American Independent Party.

In 1996, both the Democrats and the Republicans agreed to deficit reduction on the back of Ross Perot'southward popularity in the 1992 ballot. This severely undermined Perot'due south campaign in the 1996 election.

See also [edit]

• Equal-time dominion
• Third-party and independent members of the United States Business firm of Representatives
• Us Balloter College
• Contained politician
• Party
• Political parties in the United States
• Proportional representation
• Third party (politics)
• Suffrage

References [edit]

1. ^ Herbeck, Dan (November fifteen, 2011). Resentments abound in Seneca ability struggle. The Buffalo News. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
2. ^ Arthur Meier Schlesinger, ed. History of The states political parties (5 vol. Chelsea House Pub, 2002).
3. ^ Nichols, John (2011). The "S" Give-and-take: A Curt History of an American Tradition . Verso. p. 104. ISBN9781844676798.
4. ^ "Senator Lisa Murkowski wins Alaska write-in campaign". Reuters. 2010-xi-18. Retrieved 2018-12-31 .
5. ^ Zeller, Shawn. "Crashing the Lieberman Party - New York Times". archive.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2018-12-31 .
6. ^ "Justin Amash Becomes the First Libertarian Member of Congress". Reason.com. 2020-04-29. Retrieved 2020-05-13 .
7. ^ Neuhart, P. (2004-01-22). "Why politics is fun from catbirds' seats". U.s. Today . Retrieved 2007-07-11 .
8. ^ Kettle, Martin (2000-02-12). "Ventura quits Perot's Reform party". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2018-12-31 .
9. ^ Naylor, Brian (2020-10-07). "How Maine's Ranked-Choice Voting System Works". National Public Radio . Retrieved 2020-12-04 .
10. ^ Amato, Theresa (December four, 2009). "The two party ballot suppresses 3rd party change". The Tape. Harvard Law. Retrieved April 16, 2012. Today, as in 1958, ballot access for modest parties and Independents remains convoluted and discriminatory. Though certain state ballot admission statutes are better, and a few Supreme Court decisions (Williams v. Rhodes, 393 U.S. 23 (1968), Anderson v. Celebrezze, 460 U.S. 780 (1983)) take been generally favorable, on the whole, the process—and the cumulative burden it places on these federal candidates—may exist best described equally antagonistic. The jurisprudence of the Court remains hostile to minor party and Independent candidates, and this antipathy can be seen in at to the lowest degree a half dozen cases decided since Nader'southward article, including Jenness v. Fortson, 403 U.S. 431 (1971), American Party of Tex. v. White, 415 U.S. 767 (1974), Munro v. Socialist Workers Party, 479 U.S. 189 (1986), Burdick 5. Takushi, 504 U.South. 428 (1992), and Arkansas Ed. Television Comm'n v. Forbes, 523 U.Southward. 666 (1998). Justice Rehnquist, for instance, writing for a 6–three divided Court in Timmons v. Twin Cities Expanse New Party, 520 U.Southward. 351 (1997), spells out the Court'south bias for the "2-political party system," even though the give-and-take "party" is nowhere to be found in the Constitution. He wrote that "The Constitution permits the Minnesota Legislature to decide that political stability is best served through a healthy two-party system. And while an interest in securing the perceived benefits of a stable 2-party system will not justify unreasonably exclusionary restrictions, States need non remove all the many hurdles tertiary parties face in the American political loonshit today." 520 U.South. 351, 366–67.
11. ^ 2000 Presidential General Election Results, Federal Election Commission, retrieved 2007-12-20
12. ^ "Official General Election Results for Us President" (PDF). Public Records Office Election Results. United States Federal Election Committee. November ii, 2004. Retrieved Apr 16, 2012.
13. ^ Lister, J (September 1980), "1980 Debates", The New England Journal of Medicine, Commission on Presidential Debates, 303 (xiii): 741–44, doi:ten.1056/NEJM198009253031307, PMID 6157090, retrieved 2007-12-20
14. ^ What Happened in 1992?, opendebates.org, retrieved 2007-12-twenty
15. ^ What Happened in 1996?, opendebates.org, retrieved 2007-12-20
16. ^ What Happened in 2004?, opendebates.org, retrieved 2007-12-20
17. ^ 2004 Candidate Selection Criteria, Commission on Presidential Debates, September 24, 2003, retrieved 2007-12-20
18. ^ 2004 Debates, Commession on Presidential Debates, archived from the original on 2008-06-11, retrieved 2007-12-20
19. ^ The 15 Percent Barrier, opendebates.org, retrieved 2007-12-20
20. ^ Committee on Presidential Debates Announces Sites, Dates, Formats and Candidate Selection Criteria for 2008 General Election, Commission on Presidential Debates, November nineteen, 2007, archived from the original on November 19, 2008, retrieved 2007-12-twenty

Farther reading [edit]

Surveys [edit]

• Epstein, David A. (2012). Left, Right, Out: The History of 3rd Parties in America. Arts and Letters Imperium Publications. ISBN 978-0-578-10654-0
• Gillespie, J. David. Challengers to Duopoly: Why 3rd Parties Matter in American Ii-Party Politics (Academy of South Carolina Press, 2012)
• Dark-green, Donald J. Third-Political party Matters: Politics, Presidents, and Tertiary Parties in American History (Praeger, 2010)
• Herrnson, Paul S. and John C. Green, eds. Multiparty Politics in America (Rowman & Littlefield, 1997)
• Hesseltine, William B. Third-Party Movements in the United states (1962), Brief survey
• Hicks, John D. "The Tertiary Party Tradition in American Politics." Mississippi Valley Historical Review xx (1933): 3–28. in JSTOR
• Kruschke, Earl R. Encyclopedia of Third Parties in the United States (ABC-CLIO, 1991)
• Ness, Immanuel and James Ciment, eds. Encyclopedia of 3rd Parties in America (4 vol. 2006)
• Richardson, Darcy M. Others: Third Party Politics from the Nation's Founding to the Rise and Fall of the Greenback-Labor Party. Vol. 1. iUniverse, 2004.
• Rosenstone, Steven J., Roy L. Behr, and Edward H. Lazarus. Third Parties in America: Citizen Response to Major Party Failure (2d ed. Princeton Academy Press, 1996)
• Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. ed. History of U.Due south. Political Parties (1973) multivolume compilation includes essays by experts on the more than important third parties, plus some master sources
• Sifry, Micah 50. Spoiling for a Fight: Third Party Politics in America (Routledge, 2002)

Scholarly studies [edit]

• Abramson Paul R., John H. Aldrich, Phil Paolino, and David Due west. Rohde. "Third-Party and Independent Candidates in American Politics: Wallace, Anderson, and Perot." Political Science Quarterly 110 (1995): 349–67
• Argersinger, Peter H. The Limits of Agrarian Radicalism: Western Populism and American Politics (University Press of Kansas, 1995)
• Berg, John C. "Beyond a 3rd Party: The Other Minor Parties in the 1996 Elections," in The State of the Parties: The Irresolute Office of Contemporary American Parties ed by Daniel M. Shea and John C. Green (tertiary ed. Rowman & Littlefield, 1998), pp. 212–28
• Berg, John C. "Spoiler or Builder? The Effect of Ralph Nader's 2000 Campaign on the U.S. Greens." in The State of the Parties: The Irresolute Role of Contemporary American Parties, (4th ed. 2003) edited by John C. Green and Rick Farmer, pp. 323–36.
• Brooks, Corey M. Liberty Power: Antislavery Third Parties and the Transformation of American Politics (University of Chicago Press, 2016). 302 pp.
• Brunt, Barry C. "Ralph Nader's Entrada Strategy in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election." American Politics Research 33 (2005): 672–99.
• Carlin, Diana B., and Mitchell S. McKinney, eds. The 1992 Presidential Debates in Focus (1994), includes Ross Parot
• Chace, James. 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft and Debs – The Election that Changed the Country (2009)
• Darsey, James. "The Legend of Eugene Debs: Prophetic Ethos as Radical Argument." Quarterly Periodical of Speech 74 (1988): 434–52.
• Gould, Lewis 50. 4 Hats in the Band: The 1912 Ballot and the Birth of Modernistic American Politics (2008)
• Hazlett, Joseph. The Libertarian Party and Other Minor Political Parties in the United States (McFarland & Visitor, 1992)
• Hogan, J. Michael. "Wallace and the Wallacites: A Reexamination." Southern Speech Communication Journal 50 (1984): 24–48. On George Wallace in 1968
• Jelen, Ted Thousand. ed. Ross for Boss: The Perot Phenomenon and Beyond (Country University of New York Press, 2001)
• Koch, Jeffrey. "The Perot Candidacy and Attitudes Toward Authorities and Politics." Political Research Quarterly 51 (1998): 141–53.
• Koch, Jeffrey. "Political Pessimism and Third Party Support in American Presidential Elections," American Politics Research 31 (2003): 48–65.
• Lee, Michael J. "The Populist Chameleon: The People's Party, Huey Long, George Wallace, and the Populist Argumentative Frame." Quarterly Journal of Speech (2006): 355–78.
• Mowry, George E. Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Move (1946), on 1912
• Rapoport, Ronald B., and Walter J. Stone. Three's a Oversupply: The Dynamic of Tertiary Parties, Ross Perot, and Republican Resurgence (University of Michigan Press, 2005)
• Richardson, Darcy G. Others: Third Parties During the Populist Period (2007) 506 pp
• Richardson, Darcy Thou. A Toast to Celebrity: The Prohibition Political party Flirts With Greatness 59 pp
• Rohler, Lloyd. "Conservative Appeals to the People: George Wallace'southward Populist Rhetoric." Southern Communication Journal 64 (1999): 316–22.
• Rohler, Lloyd. George Wallace: Conservative Populist (Praeger, 2004)
• Rosenfeld, Lawrence W. "George Wallace Plays Rosemary's Baby." Quarterly Periodical of Speech 55 (1969): 36–44.
• Ross, Jack. The Socialist Party of America: A Complete History (2015) 824 pp
• Shepard, Ryan Michael. "Deeds done in different words: a genre-based approach to third party presidential campaign discourse." (PhD Dissertation, Academy of Kansas 2011) online
• Tamas, Bernard. 2018. The Demise and Rebirth of American Tertiary Parties: Poised for Political Revival? Routledge.

External links [edit]

• The Importance of Ballot Access, essay by Richard Winger
• Election Access News – Ballot Access news on all parties
• Free and Equal – Election Reform to end partisan duopoly
• Contained Political Report – Frequently updated source for third party news

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)

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